Robust metal film encapsulation

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to metal film encapsulation of an electrochemical device. The metal film encapsulation may provide contact tabs for the electrochemical device. The present invention may also include a selectively conductive bonding layer between a contact and a cell structure. The present invention may further include ways of providing heat and pressure resilience to the bonding layer and improving the robustness of the protection for the cell structure.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/687,032, filed Mar. 16, 2007, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/782,792, filed Mar. 16, 2006; and is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/561,277, filed Nov. 17, 2006, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/737,613, filed Nov. 17, 2005, U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/759,479 filed Jan. 17, 2006, and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/782,792, filed Mar. 16, 2006; and is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/209,536, filed Aug. 23, 2005; which is a continuation, and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/374,282, converted from U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/690,697, and filed Jun. 15, 2005; which is a continuation-in-part, and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §120, of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/215,190, filed Aug. 9, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,916,679, issued Jul. 12, 2005; all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of this invention includes the device, composition, method of depositing fabrication, and more specifically encapsulation of solid-state, thin-film, secondary and primary electrochemical devices, including batteries.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Typical electrochemical devices comprise multiple electrically active layers such as an anode, cathode, electrolyte, substrate, current collectors, etc. Some layers, such as, for example, an anode layer comprising Lithium, are comprised of materials that are very environmentally sensitive. Such batteries require an encapsulation to protect such environmentally sensitive material. Some schemes used to encapsulate the sensitive layers of electrochemical devices, such encapsulation with gold foil, are expensive. Other schemes encapsulate the device with pouch, for example, made of metal and plastic, that seals around the perimeter of the device. As the temperature changes the residual gas atmosphere within the metal and plastic pouch expands and/or contracts. This expansion and/or contraction may blow out the seals of the metal and plastic pouch or create other problems, thus eliminating the encapsulating benefits of the pouch.

Typical electrochemical devices also have tabs that extend out from the substrate. These tabs provide electrically conductive contact points for the battery. These tabs can be fragile and can break when gripped or secured from the outside and create difficulties when trying to design the encapsulation to maintain a proper seal around the tabs.

Solid-state, thin-film, secondary and primary electrochemical devices, including batteries, have very small thickness dimensions, which may put their electrically conductive contact points, the terminals, in very close layered proximity by a dimension that is mainly defined by the thickness of the seal material. Any physical impact on such a device can entail the risk of bringing these two terminals into contact, which would accidentally electrically short out the device.

Thus, there is a need in the art to provide for better and more robust encapsulating approaches and better approaches to providing electrically conductive contacts, including encapsulation that is substantially thinner than known encapsulation methods while being more about robust against physical impact.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a battery with a first electrical contact; a bonding layer coupled with the first electrical contact and having an embedded conductor; at least one cell structure; and a second electrical contact, wherein the bonding layer and the at least one cell structure are sandwiched between the first and second contact layers. The bonding layer may be selectively conductive through the embedded conductor. The cell structure may further be in selective electrical contact with the first electrical contact via the embedded conductor.

The first electrical contact may, for example, include an encapsulate metal. The second electrical contact may, for example include a substrate. The bonding layer may be an adhesive material, an insulating material, a plastic, glass, and/or fiberglass. The conductor may be a tab, a wire, multiple wires, a wire mesh, perforated metal, a metal coating applied to the adhesive layer, or a disk. The conductor may be woven within the bonding layer and the bonding layer may include a slit within which the embedded conductor is woven. The bonding layer may be an adhesive material containing one or more conductive portions that may be, for example, conductive powders, bodies or particles applied to one or more selected areas. The first and second contacts may be made from a conductive material such as, for example, gold, platinum, stainless steel, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, aluminum, indium, nickel, copper, silver, carbon, bronze, brass, beryllium, and/or oxides, nitrides, and alloys thereof. An insulating layer on the first and/or second contact may also be included. The insulating layer may be, for example, a plastic. The cell structure may include an anode, an electrolyte; a cathode, and a barrier layer. The cathode may, for example, not be annealed or annealed using rapid thermal anneal methods.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes method of manufacturing a thin film battery having, in no particular order, the steps of creating a selectively conductive bonding layer; coupling the bonding layer with a first contact layer; coupling a first side of a cell structure with a second contact layer; and coupling a second side of the cell structure with the bonding layer. Alternate steps may include creating a cell structure with an anode, cathode, and electrolyte layers; embedding a conductor within the bonding layer; weaving at least one conductive wire through the bonding layer wherein selective portions of the conductive wire are exposed; heating the bonding layer and compressing the conductor within the bonding layer; and insulating the battery with an insulating material. A reinforcement layer including KEVLAR®, fiberglass, plastic, glass or other insulating material may also be embedded within the bonding layer. This reinforcement layer is selectively conductive.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention is a device having an electrochemical device with at least one notch; and a metal foil. The metal foil may encapsulate the electrochemical device and a portion of the metal foil extends over the notch providing an electrical contact tab on the metal foil over the notched portion of the electrochemical device. The contact area may also have a hole. The metal foil may have one or more openings. The device may also have a second electrochemical device with a metal foil encapsulating both electrochemical devices. Furthermore, there may be a number of electrochemical devices with metal foils there between. The metal foil encapsulates or lies over the electrochemical device.

The metal foil may further include a cathode element of the electrochemical device. The electrochemical device may have a substrate and the metal foil may also be conductively attached to the substrate.

In any of these exemplary embodiments the metal foil, for example, may be made of stainless steel or any other metallic substance having the necessary characteristics and properties such as a requisite amount of conductivity. The device may, for example, also include an insulating layer. Furthermore, the metal foil may, for example, be less than 100 microns thick, less than 50 microns thick, or less than 25 microns thick.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a method of manufacturing an electrochemical device comprising the steps of providing an electrochemical device the may include the steps of providing a substrate; and providing a notch in the electrochemical device. This exemplary embodiment may also, for example, include the step of encapsulating the substrate with a metal foil. In this embodiment, for example, the metal foil extends over the area notched in the step providing a notch and is conductively bonded to the substrate. This embodiment may also further include the step of fabricating a cathode on the substrate by rapid thermal anneal. Also, this exemplary embodiment may include the steps of providing a cathode, anode, electrolyte, current collector, barrier layer, an insulating material on the metal foil, and/or a second electrochemical device wherein the second electrochemical device is encapsulated by the metal foil. This exemplary embodiment may also include the step of providing openings in the metal foil. These openings may be prefabricated in the metal foil.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a battery with a first electrical contact, a bonding layer coupled with the first electrical contact and having an embedded conductor; at least one cell structure; and a second electrical contact, wherein the bonding layer and die at least one cell structure are sandwiched between the first and second contact layers. The bonding layer may be selectively conductive through the embedded conductor. The cell structure may further be in selective electrical contact with the first electrical contact via the embedded conductor.

The conductor may comprise elements such as Li, B, graphitic carbon, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, any alloy thereof, and stainless steel. The conductor may also be covered with an electrically insulating film or a mechanically robust film. The insulating film may comprise, for example, Lipon, BeO, B₂O₃, BN, borate glass, Al₂O₃, AlN, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, silicate glass, ScO_(x), TiO_(x), VO_(x), CrO_(x), FeO_(x), YO_(x), ZrO_(x), NbO_(x), MoO_(x), HfO_(x), TaO_(x), WO_(x), polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, and any combination thereof. The mechanically robust film may comprise, for example, Lipon, borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, and any combination thereof.

The first electrical contact may itself be a conductor or an insulating layer. The insulating layer may be a ceramic comprising BeO, B₂O₃, BN, borate glass, Al₂O₃, AlN, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, silicate glass, ScO_(x), TiO_(x), VO_(x), CrO_(x), FeO_(x), YO_(x), ZrO_(x), NbO_(x), MoO_(x), HfO_(x), TaO_(x), WO_(x), and any combination thereof. Also, the insulating layer may be a polymer material comprising polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, and Tenite resins. The insulating layer may also be a composite material whose components may comprise any the materials mentioned above.

The bonding layer may comprise multiple layers (for example, two, three, four, or five layers) and each or multiple layers may comprise an adhesive material. Both the bonding layer and the adhesive material may comprise thermoplastic, thermally set, ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid metallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The bonding may further comprise, for example, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, oxide ceramic, nitride ceramic, carbide ceramic, silicate based glass, non-silicate based glass, fiberglass, and any combination thereof. The adhesive material may further comprise, for example, gold-coated polymer spheres, solder-type alloys, carbon, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, and metallic powders.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a battery with a first electrical contact; at least one cell structure; a bonding layer coupled with the first electrical contact; and a second electrical contact, wherein the first electrical contact is mechanically deformed to make electrical contact with the cell structure through the bonding layer, wherein the bonding layer and the cell structure are sandwiched between the first and second contact layers, and wherein the bonding layer may comprise multiple layers.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a battery with at least one cell structure; an insulating layer comprising at least one layer; at least one embedded conductor inside the insulating layer wherein the conductor acts as a first electrical contact; and a second electrical contact, wherein the cell structure is sandwiched between the insulating layer and the second contact layer.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a battery with more than one cell structures stacked onto each other; wherein each cell structure comprises a first electrical contact, a second electrical contact, and a bonding layer; wherein the bonding layer is sandwiched between the first electrical contact of a first cell structure and the second electrical contact of a neighboring cell structure and comprises more than one layer; wherein the first contact of said first cell structure further comprises at least one embedded conductor. The bonding layer in each cell structure may comprise thermoplastic, thermally set, ethylene ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid inetallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, oxide ceramic, nitride ceramic, carbide ceramic, silicate glass, non-silicate based glass, fiberglass, and any combination thereof.

Another exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a battery with at least one cell structure; an insulating layer comprising printed circuitry; at least one embedded conductor inside the insulating layer wherein the conductor acts as a first electrical contact; and a second electrical contact; wherein the insulting layer further comprises at least one layer; and wherein the cell structure is sandwiched between the insulating layer and the second electrical contact. An electrical connection may go over one edge of the insulating layer while creating an electrical contact to both the cell structure and the printed circuitry. The insulating layer may also comprise a ceramic or a polymer material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some features and advantages of certain embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the drawings of certain preferred embodiments, which are intended to illustrate examples and not to limit the full scope of the invention.

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of various embodiments of the invention are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, and illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention that together with the description serve to explain certain principles of the invention. In the drawings:

FIG. 1A shows a top view of an electrochemical device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 1B shows a side view of an electrochemical device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2A shows a perspective view of one corner of an electrochemical device with a notch in the electrochemical device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2B shows a perspective view of one corner of an electrochemical device with a notch in the encapsulation layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3A shows a top view of an electrochemical device with a configuration of holes in the metal encapsulation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3B shows a top view of an electrochemical device with another configuration of holes in the metal encapsulation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4A shows a top view of an electrochemical device with holes in the contacts according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4B shows a side view of an electrochemical device with holes in the contacts according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5A shows a side view of an electrochemical device with an electrochemical device on each side of the metal film encapsulation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5B shows a perspective view of an electrochemical device with an electrochemical device on each side of the metal film encapsulation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5C shows a perspective view of an electrochemical device with a notched metal film encapsulation between two devices according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows a plurality of electrochemical devices stacked with metal foil in between according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 shows an electrochemical device with a notch and tab on the side of the electrochemical device according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows an electrochemical device with a substrate, cathode, electrolyte, anode and a metal foil encapsulation according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9A shows the electrochemical device of FIG. 2A with an insulating layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9B shows the electrochemical device of FIG. 2B with an insulating layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows two electrochemical devices with three metal foils according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11A shows a side view electrochemical device with electrical contacts as an encapsulate and substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11B shows a top view electrochemical device with electrical contacts as an encapsulate and substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11C shows a top view of the electrochemical device of FIG. 11B with partial cuts in the encapsulation according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11D shows a top view of the electrochemical device of FIG. 11C having resulting strips folded over according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12A shows a side view of a stand alone conductor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 12B shows top views of stand alone conductors according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13A shows a side view of a bonding layer with a slit cut therein according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 13B shows a top view of a bonding layer with a slit cut therein according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14A shows a side view of a conductor woven through a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14B shows a top view of a mesh wire conductor woven through a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15A shows a side view of a conductor embedded within a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15B shows a top view of a mesh wire conductor embedded within a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16A shows a side view of a first contact layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16B shows a top view of a first contact layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17A shows a side view of a first contact layer bonded with the bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17B shows a top view of a first contact layer bonded with the bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18A shows a side view of a cell structure on a second contact layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18B shows a top view of a cell structure on a second contact layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 19A shows a side view of the first contact and bonding layer of FIG. 17A coupled with the cell structure and second contact of FIG. 18A according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 19B shows a top view of the first contact and bonding layer of FIG. 17B coupled with the cell structure and second contact of FIG. 18B according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20A shows a side view of a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20B shows a side view of a bonding layer according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20C shows a side view of a bonding layer according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20D shows a side view of a bonding layer according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 20E shows a side view of a bonding layer according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 21 shows a side view of a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 22 shows a view of a conductor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 23A shows a side view of a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 23B shows a side view of a bonding layer according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 24 shows a side view of multiple bonding layers according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 25 shows a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention including an anode.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

These and other aspects of the invention will now be described in greater detail in connection with exemplary embodiments that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the particular methodology, compounds, materials, manufacturing techniques, uses, and applications described herein, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to “an element” is a reference to one or more elements and includes equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art. Similarly, for another example, a reference to “a step” or “a means” is a reference to one or more steps or means and may include sub-steps and subservient means. All conjunctions used are to be understood in the most inclusive sense possible. Thus, the word “or” should be understood as having the definition of a logical “or” rather than that of a logical “exclusive or” unless the context clearly necessitates otherwise. Structures described herein are to be understood also to refer to functional equivalents of such structures. Language that may be construed to express approximation should be so understood unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Preferred methods, techniques, devices, and materials are described, although any methods, techniques, devices, or materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. Structures described herein are to be understood also to refer to functional equivalents of such structures.

All patents and other publications identified are incorporated herein by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing. For example, the methodologies described in such publications that might be used in connection with the present invention. These publications are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing in this regard should be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention or for any other reason.

FIG. 1A shows a top view of one exemplary embodiment. FIG. 1B shows a side view of this embodiment. As shown in the figures, this embodiment comprises an electrochemical device 130 and a metal encapsulation layer 110. The electrochemical device 130 may comprise any number of materials or layers. The electrochemical device 130 may also comprise a battery. For example, the electrochemical device 130 may comprise an anode, cathode, electrolyte, current collectors, substrate, etc. Some materials may, for example, comprise Lithium, LiCoO₂, LIPON, gold, platinum, stainless steel, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, aluminum, indium, nickel, copper, silver, carbon, bronze, brass, beryllium, and/or oxides, nitrides, and alloys thereof. Furthermore, the electrochemical device 130 may be a thick film device.

The metal foil may, for example, be less than 100 microns in thickness. In another embodiment the metal foil may be less than 50 microns and in a specific embodiment the metal foil may be less than 25 microns.

The electrochemical device 130 may comprise at least one notch 131. The electrochemical device 130 shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B comprises a single notch 131, and the encapsulation layer 110 also includes a notch 111. These notches 111, 131 may be of any shape or size. The electrochemical device 130 or the encapsulation layer 110 may comprise any number of notches. The metal encapsulation layer 110 extends over the notch 131 in the electrochemical device 130 providing an encapsulation contact tab 112. This contact tab 112 extends over the open area left by the notch 131. The contact tab 112 may provide a convenient electrically conductive contact for the device. In a similar fashion, the electrochemical device may extend under the notch 111 in the metal encapsulation layer 110 providing a contact tab 132.

FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B show perspective views of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B. FIG. 2A shows an electrochemical device 130, a metal encapsulating layer 110, a notch 131 in the electrochemical device 130, and a contact tab 112 in the encapsulation layer 110. FIG. 2B shows an electrochemical device 130, a metal encapsulating layer 110, a notch 111 in the encapsulation 110 and the contact tab 132 in the electrochemical device 130. Although these figures show notches 131, 111 on the corner of the device, they may be in any location. One such exemplary configuration is shown in FIG. 7A with a notch on the side of the device. Also, the notch is not necessarily square. For instance, the notch shown in FIG. 7A is round, whereas those shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2A and 2B are rectangular notches.

The metal foil layer 110 may be adapted to encapsulate the electrochemical device 130. This encapsulation may, for example, protect the electrochemical device 130 from damaging environmental effects. For example, many electrochemical devices comprise environmentally sensitive materials such as Lithium. These materials can be extremely reactive with air and moisture, and may degrade when exposed to such environments. Accordingly, the metal foil encapsulate layer 110 may protect environmentally sensitive materials in the electrochemical device from air and/or moisture.

The metal foil encapsulate layer 110 in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may lie over a substrate layer in the electrochemical device 130. An electrochemical device may include a number of layers, for example, a substrate, cathode, electrolyte, and anode. Such a device may be encapsulated with a metal foil deposed on the substrate, and may also include contact tabs. The metal foil, therefore, may provide contacts that are secure, durable and may be incorporated at any location in the device. Because the contacts are part of the metal foil, they are less likely to break or shear from the substrate.

The metal foil layer, in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, may comprise the cathode.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B show top views of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the metal foil encapsulation 110 comprises openings 150. These openings 150 may, for example, provide contact or access to layers in the electrochemical device. For example, these openings 150 may provide direct access to the substrate in the electrochemical device. These openings 150 may be of any size or configuration. Shown in the figures are exemplary circle and oval openings. Depending on the application a plurality of openings may be required or a single opening may suffice.

FIG. 9A shows the embodiment of FIG. 2A with an insulating layer 180 on the metal foil 110 and FIG. 9B shows the embodiment of FIG. 2B with an insulating layer 180 on the metal foil 110. The insulating layer 180 protects the metal foil 110 from unwanted electrical contacts. In FIG. 9A and FIG. 9B the tab 112, 132 portions are the only portion that are not covered with the insulating layer 180 allowing electrical contact only on the tabs 112, 132.

FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B show an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment comprises a hole 126 in the contact tab 132 and a hole 125 in the encapsulate tab 112. Accordingly, these holes 125, 126 may, for example, provide a more secure contact point. Other devices may grip the contact through holes 125, 126.

FIG. 5A, FIG. 5B, and FIG. 5C show an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment comprises two electrochemical devices 130, 160 with a single metal foil encapsulation layer 110 between the two devices. In this embodiment, for example, the metal foil 110 may comprise the cathode for both electrochemical devices 130, 160. Furthermore, in another embodiment the metal foil 110 may be electrically conductive to the substrate of the electrochemical devices 130, 160. This embodiment may also include an encapsulation layer 161 on the top of electrochemical device 160 as shown in FIG. 5B. In FIG. 10 a third metal foil 134 is also included.

FIG. 5B is a perspective view of the right side of FIG. 5A with a second encapsulation layer 161. As shown the two electrochemical devices 130, 160 have notches 131, 141 and there is an extending tab 112 in the encapsulate layers 110, 113.

FIG. 5C is a perspective view of the left side of FIG. 5A and shows a notch 111 in the encapsulate 110 and tabs in both electrochemical devices.

FIG. 6 shows a plurality of electrochemical devices 130, 160, 170, 180 stacked one upon another with metal foil layers 110, 161, 171 between and a metal encapsulate 181 on the top. Although this figure shows four electrochemical devices 130, 160, 170, 180, the invention is not limited by the number of devices that may be stacked. Any number of devices may be stacked without deviating from the invention. This embodiment also shows four tabs 112, 122, 173, 183 in the encapsulation layers.

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment an electrochemical device 130 has a notch 131 and a tab 132. On the bottom of the electrochemical device 130 is an encapsulation layer 110, which includes a tab 112 and a notch 111. The notches 111, 131 are circular and placed on the same side of the device.

FIG. 8 shows a embodiment similar to that shown in FIG. 7 with circular notches in both the encapsulate 110 and the electrochemical cell 130. This exemplary embodiment shows a second electrochemical device 160 and a second encapsulation layer 161.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a metal foil may lay over an electrochemical device. This metal foil encapsulates the electrochemical device and protects it from environmental harm. The metal foil also provides tabs that are conductively contacted with the substrate of the device.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the electrochemical device comprises LiCoO₂. In this embodiment, the device is treated with a rapid thermal anneal. For example, the device is brought up to approximately 700° C. over a period of six minutes. The device is then held at this temperature for approximately five minutes and then quickly cooled to room temperature in about six minutes. This rapid thermal annealing crystallizes the LiCoO₂ so that it may be used without a barrier layer. The period of time may vary up to 30 minutes or even down to 10 seconds.

FIG. 11A shows a side view of an electrochemical device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a first contact 1101 is coupled with bonding layer 1110 with a portion of the first contact 1101 extending past the bonding layer 1110. The bonding layer 1110 may also be bonded with the cell structure 1115. A second contact 1105 is placed under the cell structure 1115. A barrier layer, for example, may also be placed between the second contact 1105 and the cell structure 1115. Shown embedded within the bonding layer 1110 is conductor 1120. This conductor 1120, for example, creates a selectively conductive bonding layer. A selectively conductive bonding layer 1110 permits conduction from the cell structure 1115 through the bonding layer 1110 to the first contact 1101 at specific points, and yet provides insulation between the first contact 1101 and the second contact 1105.

The conductor 1120 may be placed within the bonding layer 1110 in many different ways. For example, a metal tab, a metal wire, multiple metal wires, a metal wire mesh, perforated metal foil, perforated metal, a metal coating applied to the adhesive layer, a metallic disk, a metallically coated fiberglass or combinations thereof may be used. In each of these examples, the conductor 1120 can provide electrical conduction between the cell structure 1115 and the first contact 1101 and yet provide insulation between the two contacts 1101, 1105. In some embodiments the conductor 1120 may be woven within the bonding layer 1110. The conductor 1115 may be, for example, disks embedded within the bonding layer 1110. In some embodiments slits within the bonding layer 1110 may be made in order to weave or place the conductor 1120 through the bonding layer 1110. Also, for example, holes or other means may be used to place the conductor 1120 through the bonding layer 1110.

In an exemplary embodiment, a reinforcement layer may be placed within the insulating layer. For example, a fiberglass material may cover half of one surface of the insulating layer, woven through the layer and then cover the other half of the bonding layer. Such a layer of fiberglass without a conductive coating would insulate the materials placed between. The fiberglass may be coated in a localized area with a conductive material. Such conductive coatings can coat the fiberglass area at the top and bottom surface of the bonding layer. In such an embodiment, for example, the fiberglass would conduct between the upper contact and the cell. Conductive material may be disposed on the fiberglass using ink jet, silk screen, plasma deposition, e-beam deposition, spray and/or brush methods. Other materials may be used rather than fiberglass, such as, for example, KEVLAR®, plastic, glass or other insulating materials.

An exemplary embodiment of the present invention provides for selective contact between the first contact and the cell structure through holes in the bonding layer. In such an embodiment, holes in the bonding layer may allow the first contact and cell structure to remain in contact. The layers may be, for example, pressed together to create a contact. Alternatively, conductive glues or inks may be applied in or near the hole area in the bonding layer to make the contact between the layers. Lithium may also be used as a conductive material.

The conductor 1120, for example, may be made of gold, platinum, stainless steel, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, aluminum, indium, nickel, copper, silver, carbon, bronze, brass, beryllium, or oxides, nitrides, and alloys thereof.

FIG. 11B shows a top view of the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 11A. As shown in FIG. 11B the first contact 1101 extends past the bonding layer 1110 and the second contact 1105. Likewise, for example, the second contact 1105 also extends past the boding layer 1115 and the first contact 1101 in the opposite direction.

FIGS. 11C and 11D show an exemplary embodiment in which leads are formed from the first and second contacts 1101, 1105. As shown in FIG. 11C, a first partial cut 1140 a is made in the first contact 1101 and a partial cut 1140 b is made in the second contact 1105. These partial cuts form strips that may be folded over to extend from the electrochemical device. For instance. FIG. 11D shows an example in which strips 1142 a and 1142 b resulting from the partial cuts in the contacts 1101, 1105 are folded in a downward direction of the drawing. It should be appreciated that only one or both of the extending parts of the contacts 1101, 1105 can be partially cut to form leads in a variety of ways for a desired application or orientation of the electrochemical device.

For purposes of explaining the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 11A-11D, FIGS. 12A-19B show individual layers and parts of this embodiment and how they can be coupled or bonded together. These figures are not meant to show a step-by-step process for manufacturing any embodiments of the invention. Rather, these figures are presented to help understand how the layers interact. FIGS. 12A, 13A, 14A, 15A, 16A, 17A, 18A and 19A show side views of various parts of an exemplary battery, and FIGS. 12B, 13B, 14B, 15B, 16B, 17B, 18B and 19B show top views.

FIG. 12A shows a side view of a conductor 1120 according to one embodiment of the present invention. The top view of three exemplary types of conductors, a wire 1121, a tab 1122, and a wire mesh 1123, are shown in FIG. 12B. FIG. 13A shows a side view and FIG. 13B shows a top view of a slit 1130 cut within a bonding layer 1110. FIG. 14A shows a side view of a conductor 1120, for example, woven through the bonding layer. FIG. 14B shows a top view of a mesh wire conductor 1123 woven through the bonding layer 1110. FIG. 15A shows the conductor 1120 embedded within the bonding layer. The conductor 1120 may be embedded within the bonding layer 1110, for example, by heating the bonding layer 1110 to the point where the conductor 1120 may be pressed within the bonding layer 1110. The surfaces of the conductor 1120 and bonding layer 1110 may preferably be flush after this process. FIG. 15B shows a top view of a wire mesh conductor 1123 embedded within the bonding layer.

The resultant bonding layer 1110 from FIGS. 12A-15B show a bonding layer with insulating properties yet provides selective conductivity between the portions of the top surface and the lower surface of the bonding layer 1120. Other combination may also produce selective conductivity.

FIG. 16A and FIG. 16B show a first contact 1101. FIG. 17A shows the first contact 1101 bonded with the bonding layer 1110. Note that in this embodiment the conductor 1120 preferably makes electrical contact with the first electrical contact 1101. FIG. 17B, shows the top view of FIG. 17A. The first contact may also encapsulate the battery thereby protecting it from environmental degradation and damage. For example, many electrochemical devices comprise environmentally sensitive materials such as Lithium. These materials can be extremely reactive with air and moisture, and may degrade when exposed to such environments. Accordingly, the first contact 1101 may encapsulate the battery to protect it from environmentally sensitive materials in the electrochemical device from air and/or moisture.

FIG. 18A shows an exemplary embodiment of a single battery cell 1115 coupled with a second contact 1105. The second contact 1105 may also be the substrate upon which the cell is deposited. The cell structure in this embodiment comprises a cathode, and anode and an electrolyte. The electrolyte may include LIPON.

FIG. 19A shows a completed cell structure. The second contact 1105 and the cell structure 1115 from FIG. 18A are coupled with the first contact 1101 and the bonding layer 1110 as shown in 17A. Again, note how the conductor 1120 is preferably in electrical contact with the electrochemical device 1115 in a selective area. The cell is bounded by external contacts 1101 and 1105 with minimal layers there between. In this embodiment the first and second contacts 1101 and 1105 extend beyond the area of the electrochemical device 1115.

The first and second contacts 1101, 1105 of this embodiment can be made of a conductive metal. For example, the contact or contacts may be made of gold, platinum, stainless steel, titanium, zirconium, cobalt, aluminum, indium, nickel, copper, silver, carbon, bronze, brass, beryllium, or oxides, nitrides, and alloys thereof. Other conductive materials may also be used.

While the above examples show a conductive material 1120-1123 provided in an opening in the bonding layer 1110, such as the slit 1130 shown in FIG. 13 b, it should be appreciated that electrical contact between the cell structure 1115 and first electrical contact 1101 may be provided by a number of other ways. For example, electrical conduction between the cell structure 1115 and the first contact 1101 may be provided by embedding a conductive powder within an adhesive forming the bonding layer 1110. For example, a conductive powder such as a metallic powder (e.g., nickel powder) can be embedded in an adhesive bonding layer 1110 at one or more selected areas within an adhesive bonding layer 1110 and between the contact 1101 and the cell structure 1115. Those skilled in the art will appreciate other conductive materials that may be provided for the selective conduction, such as conductive balls, slugs, wiring mesh etc. selectively provided within an adhesive. The ways to achieve electrical conduction between the cell structure 1115 and the first contact 1101, and yet provide insulation between the two contacts 1101, 1105, should not be considered as limited to the examples explained herein.

FIG. 20A shows a side view of a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, the bonding layer 1110 can be a composite of two layers: the upper layer 1110A being in contact with the first contact 1101 and the lower layer 1110B being in contact with the cell structure 1115. The lower layer 1110B may have chemical compatibility, chemical stability, chemical resistance, chemical non-reactivity, and chemical robustness with the cell structure 1115. The top layer 1110A may have a melting point preferably higher than 100° C. and pressure resilience against at least 10 psi so that the composite bonding layer has an enhanced heat and pressure resiliency compared to the bonding layer 1110. The conductor 1120 may be embedded through both the layers of 1110A aid 1110B.

In this exemplary embodiment, the lower layer 1110B can be, for example, a copolymer, which may be a thermoplastic or thermally set. In another exemplary embodiment, the lower layer 1110B can be an ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer. In still another exemplary embodiment, the lower layer 1110B can be an ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, in which part of the methacrylic acid is neutralized with metal ions such as zinc (Zn) or sodium (Na). In still another exemplary embodiment, the lower layer 1110B may comprise at least one polymer type selected from the group of cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).

In this exemplary embodiment, the upper layer 1110A can comprise at least one polymer type selected from the group of polyamides (e.g., Nylon), polyimides (e.g., Kapton), polyethylene terephthalates (e.g., Mylar), para-aramids (e.g., Kevlar), polyethylenes, high-density polyethylenes (e.g., Valeron), Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides (PVC and CPVC), Acetal Delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics (e.g., Teflon), polyurethanes, polystyrenes (e.g., acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes [ABS]), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins (e.g., Butyrate), silicate or non-silicate based glass, fiberglass, oxide ceramic (e.g., ZrO₂), nitride ceramic (e.g., AlN), carbide ceramic (e.g., SiC), or a combination/modification thereof.

FIG. 20B shows a side view of a bonding layer according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the bonding layer 1110 may have three layers: the topmost layer 1110D being in contact with the first contact 1101 and the lowest layer 1110F being in contact with the cell structure 1115. The middle layer 1110E may be in contact with the layers 1110D and 1110F, but 1110E may not contact with 1101 and 1115. The topmost layer 1110D may have chemical compatibility, chemical stability, chemical resistance, chemical non-reactivity, and chemical robustness with the first contact 1101. The lowest layer 1110F may have chemical compatibility, chemical stability, chemical resistance, chemical non-reactivity, and chemical robustness with the cell structure 1115. The middle layer 1110E, the so-termed heat and pressure resilient layer (HAPR layer), may have a melting point preferably higher than 100° C. and a pressure resilience against at least 10 psi, so that the composite bonding layer may possess an enhanced heat and pressure resiliency.

FIG. 20C shows a side view of a bonding layer according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, an adhesion layer 1110G can be added in between layers 1110D and 1110E. FIG. 20D show a side view of another exemplary embodiment in which bonding layer 1110 may comprise an adhesion layer 1110H in between 1110F and 1110E. FIG. 20E shows yet another exemplary embodiment in which both layers 1110G and 1110H can be added in between 1110F and 1110E. The adhesion layers 1110G and 1110H can be the same or different. The layers 1110D and 1110F can be same or different also. The conductor 1120 may be embedded through all the layers of 1110D, 1110E and 1110F, including 1110G and 1110H layers, when they are present.

In any of these exemplary embodiments, the topmost layer 1110D can be, for example, a copolymer, an ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, or an ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, in which part of the methacrylic acid is neutralized with metal ions such as zinc (Zn) or sodium (Na). In some other exemplary embodiments, the topmost layer 1110D may comprise at least one polymer type selected from the group of cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).

In any of these exemplary embodiments, the HAPR layer 1110E, may comprise at least one polymer type selected from the group of polyamides (e.g., Nylon), polyimides (e.g., Kapton), polyethylene terephthalates (e.g., Mylar), para-aramids (e.g., Kevlar), polyethylenes, high-density polyethylenes (e.g., Valeron), Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides (PVC and CPVC), Acetal Delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics (e.g., Teflon), polyurethanes, polystyrenes (e.g., acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes [ABS]), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins (e.g., Butyrate), oxide ceramic (e.g., ZrO₂), nitride ceramic (e.g., AlN), carbide ceramic (e.g., SiC), silicate or non-silicate based glass, fiberglass, or a combination/modification thereof.

In any of these exemplary embodiments, the lowest layer 1110F may be, for example, a copolymer, an ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, or an ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, in which part of the methacrylic acid may be neutralized with metal ions such as zinc (Zn) or sodium (Na). In some other exemplary embodiments, the lowest layer 1110F may comprise at least one polymer type selected from the group of cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).

In any of these exemplary embodiments, the conductor 1120 may, for example, comprise at least one element selected from the group of Li, B, graphitic carbon, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, and any alloy thereof, including stainless steel, and is made by rolling, electroforming, drawing or any other materials processing technique or any vacuum deposition technique, such as sputtering, evaporation or CVD, or an electrochemical process (e.g., electroplating or electroless plating).

FIG. 21 shows a side view of a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the bonding layer 1110 may be, partly or completely, an isotropic or anisotropic adhesive layer 1110I comprising at least one adhesive selected from the group of ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid metallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) that may contain gold-coated polymer spheres, solder-type alloys, or solid metal powders such as carbon, Ni, Au, Cu, or Ag. The adhesive material could be thermally set (for strong and reliable bonding) or thermoplastic (to facilitate the rework process). The isotropic or anisotropic adhesive may replace the conductor 1120, at least one of the layers from the group of 1110A, 1110B, 1110D, 1110E, 1110F, 1110G, and 1110H, or both.

FIG. 22 shows a view of a conductor according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the conductor 1120 may have (one, two, three or many) conducting strips (1120A and 1120B, for example) attached. The strips (1120A, and 1120B) may be made by rolling, electroforming, drawing or any other materials processing technique, or any vacuum deposition technique, such as sputtering, evaporation or CVD, or an electrochemical process (e.g., electroplating or electroless plating). In one exemplary embodiment, the strip-forming process may involve a deposition mask. The strip material can be chosen such that it could form a good metallurgical bond with the anode material (e.g., Li). The metallurgical bond may either be created via a solid solution or through an alloy compound. In another exemplary embodiment, the strip may be made of metal, such as Li, B, graphitic carbon, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, and any alloy thereof, including stainless steel, wherein Li, Ni or Cu are, for example, the most preferred material selections. The strips (1120A and 1120B) may be bent at an angle of a few degrees (for example, 5 degrees) to, for example, 90 degrees with respect to the longest dimension of the conductor 1120. In one exemplary embodiment, the strip 1120A, for example, is bent to form a 90 degree angle 2202A with respect to the longest dimension of the conductor 1120. In another exemplary embodiment, the strip 1120B, for example, is bent to form a 5 degree angle 2202B with respect to the longest dimension of the conductor 1120. The length and width of the strips may range from several micrometers to tens of millimeters. The thickness may range from 1/100^(th) of a micrometer up to tens of micrometers. In one exemplary embodiment, the strips are 3 mm long, 0.3 mm wide and 0.01 mm thick.

FIG. 25 shows a side view of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention including an anode. In this exemplary embodiment, a protection layer 600A can be deposited on the anode 600. The protection layer 600A may provide electrical contact from the anode 600 to the outside terminal 800 and at the same time provides environmental protection from exposure to moisture, oxygen and environmental species. In this exemplary embodiment, the protection layer 600A can be made of an oxide, nitride, carbide or carbonate. In another exemplary embodiment, the protection layer 600A may be made of a metal that is vapor-deposited (CVD or PVD) with the help of a shadow mask. In yet another exemplary embodiment, the protection layer 600A may be made of Ni or Cu.

FIG. 23A shows a side view of a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the first contact 1101 can be, for example, a non-conducting, insulating, or semiconducting layer. An opening 2301 may be created (either by mechanical means or masking during formation of the layer) in the non-conducting, insulating, or semiconducting layer 1101 so that the conductor 1120 could be used to contact the cell structure 1115 for termination purposes. A conducting insert (e.g., a metal or an isotropic/anisotropic conducting adhesive) may be placed in the opening 2301. The non-conducting, insulating, or semiconducting layer 1101 may be a ceramic selected from the group comprising BeO, B₂O₃, BN, borate glass, Al₂O₃, AlN, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, silicate glass, ScO_(x), TiO_(x), VO_(x), CrO_(x), FeO_(x), YO_(x), ZrO_(x), NbO_(x), MoO_(x), HfO_(x), TaO_(x), WO_(x), a nitride ceramic, a carbide ceramic, or a combination thereof. The non-conducting layer 1101 may also comprise at least one polymer type selected from the group of polyamides (e.g., Nylon), polyimides (e.g., Kapton), polyethylene terephthalates (e.g., Mylar), para-aramids (e.g., Kevlar), polyethylenes, high-density polyethylenes (e.g., Valeron), Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides (PVC and CPVC), Acetal Delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics (e.g., Teflon), polyurethanes, polystyrenes (e.g., acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes [ABS]), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins (e.g., Butyrate) or a combination/modification thereof. Furthermore, the semiconducting layer 1101 may be Si, Ge, GaAs, InP, their alloys, or a combination/modification thereof.

In this exemplary embodiment, the non-conducting layer 1101 may also have printed circuitry 2305 and the cell structure 1115 may be connected into the circuitry 2305 through an opening 2301 through the non-conducting layer 1101 either through the conductor 1120 or by the use of an isotropic or anisotropic conducting adhesive. The opening may be created either by mechanical means or masking/etching. In a different exemplary embodiment, the non-conducting layer 1101 may be equipped with at least one electrical connection layer that goes over at least one edge of the non-conducting layer 1101 and makes electrical contact with both the cell structure 1115 and the printed circuitry 2305 which are sandwiching the non-conducting layer 1101. The electrical connection layer may comprise a conducting medium comprising Li, B, graphitic carbon, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, and any alloy thereof, including stainless steel, wherein Ni or Cu are the most preferred material selections. The non-conducting layer 1101 may provide another protective metallic layer, with or without a bonding layer in between the non-conducting and protective layers. The bonding layer may comprise at least one polymer type selected from the group of ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid metal late (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).

The bonding layer 1110 in this exemplary embodiment may be used as a heat and pressure resilient layer, without any further reinforcements, because the non-conducting layer does not cause any electrical shorting to the second contact 1105 when the bonding layer is damaged. In another exemplary embodiment, when the non-conductor layer material may tend to react with the cell structure material, a reinforcement structure (a two-layer, three-layer, four-layer, or five layer structure, as illustrated above) may be used in place of the bonding layer.

FIG. 23B shows a side view of a bonding layer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In this exemplary embodiment, the second contact 1105 is a non-conducting layer. An opening 2302 may be created, either by mechanical means or masking during formation of the layer, in the non-conducting layer 1105 so that a conductor 1190 (hole-filling metallic column of Au, for instance) could be used to contact the cell structure 1115 for termination purposes. A conducting insert (e.g., a metal or an isotropic/anisotropic conducting adhesive) may be placed in the opening. The non-conducting layer 1105 may be a ceramic selected from the group comprising BeO, B₂O₃, BN, borate glass, Al₂O₃, AlN, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, silicate glass, ScO_(x), TiO_(x), VO_(x), CrO_(x), FeO_(x), YO_(x), ZrO_(x), NbO_(x), MoO_(x), HfO_(x), TaO_(x), WO_(x), or a combination thereof. In this exemplary embodiment, the bonding layer 1110 may be used as a heat and pressure resilient layer, without any further reinforcements, because the non-conducting layer 1105 does not cause any electrical shorting to the first contact 1101 when the bonding layer is damaged.

For various purposes, the first contact 1101 may be eliminated for this invention. In one exemplary embodiment, when the first contact layer 1101 is eliminated, the conductor 1120 could be used for electrically contacting the cell structure 1115 for termination purposes. FIG. 24 shows a side view of an exemplary embodiment according to the current invention, in which the first contact 1101 of a first thin-film battery may be replaced by a second thin-film battery, which has all of the layers in FIG. 11A (1101′, 1110D′, 1110G′, 1110E′, 1110F′, 1110H′, 1115′, and 1105′), that is head-on attached to the bonding layer 1110 of the first thin-film battery. The said head-on attached second thin-film battery, however, may not necessarily possess all of the layers shown in FIG. 11A and may have any of the layers 1101, 1110, and 1120 missing. For example, two thin-film batteries may be attached to each other via one or multiple bonding layer(s) as detailed above. It is this head-on second thin-film battery that may serve as the heat-and-pressure resilient encapsulation to the first thin-film battery.

The first contact 1101 may be covered by an electrically insulating and mechanically robust film comprising Lipon, borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, and/or Tenite resins. The borides, carbides, nitrides, and/or oxides, may be configured with boron, aluminum, silicon, Ti, Ta, Zr, Hf or a similar element, or a modification/combination thereof. The insulating film may mechanically and electrically protect the first contact 1101 from damages. For termination purposes, a recess may be created, by a shadow mask during or after the formation of the insulation film, in the first contact 1101 in order for it to make contact with the conductor 1120. To achieve the same purpose, another conductor may also be used in the central portion for contacting the conductor 1120. Furthermore, an isotropic or anisotropic conducting adhesive may be used in the central portion for contacting the conductor 1120 for termination purposes. The isotropic or anisotropic adhesive may comprise at least one adhesive selected from the group of ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid metallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) that contains gold-coated polymer spheres, solder-type alloys, or solid metal powders such as carbon, Ni, Au, Cu, or Ag.

The conductor 1120 may not be a necessary component of the current invention. The contact between the first contact 1101 and the cell structure 1115 can be made by applying pressure by a mandrel in the central portion of the first contact 1101 so that a depression is created in the first contact 1101 thereby creating an electrical contact. The bonding layer 1110 can be removed before creating the depression of 1101 by the mandrel so as to create a more robust electrical contact between the first contact and the cell structure.

The embodiments and examples described above are exemplary only. One skilled in the art may recognize variations from the embodiments specifically described here, which are intended to be within the scope of this disclosure and invention. As such, the invention is limited only by the following claims. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 

1. A battery comprising: a first electrical contact; a cell structure comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte; a bonding layer coupled with said first electrical contact and said bonding layer comprising an embedded conductor, wherein said embedded conductor contacts said cell structure and wherein said embedded conductor physically contacts said first electrical contact; and a second electrical contact; wherein said bonding layer and said at least one cell structure are sandwiched between said first electrical contact and said second electrical contact; and wherein said bonding layer comprises a plurality of layers in which the cell structure is at least in part within one of the plurality of layers.
 2. The battery of claim 1, wherein said bonding layer comprises at least one adhesive material.
 3. The battery of claim 2, wherein said adhesive material comprises a material selected from the group of thermoplastic, thermally set, ethylene, methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid metallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).
 4. The battery of claim 1, wherein said bonding layer comprises at least one material selected from the group of thermoplastic, thermally set, ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid metallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).
 5. The battery of claim 1, wherein said bonding, layer comprises at least one material selected from the group of polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, oxide ceramic, nitride ceramic, carbide ceramic, silicate based glass, non-silicate based glass, fiberglass, and any combination thereof.
 6. The battery of claim 4, wherein said bonding layer further comprises at least one material selected from the group of polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, oxide ceramic, nitride ceramic, carbide ceramic, silicate based glass, non-silicate based glass, fiberglass, and any combination thereof.
 7. The battery of claim 1, wherein said embedded conductor comprises at least one element selected from the group of Li, B, graphitic carbon, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, any alloy thereof, and stainless steel.
 8. The battery of claim 7, wherein said embedded conductor further comprises a plurality of conductors selected from the group of Li, B, graphitic carbon, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, In, Sn, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, any alloy thereof, and stainless steel.
 9. The battery of claim 1, wherein said bonding layer comprises an isotropic or anisotropic electronically conducting adhesive comprising at least one adhesive selected from the group of ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid metallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and at least one electronically conducting material selected from the group comprising gold-coated polymer spheres, solder-type alloys, carbon, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, and metallic powders.
 10. The battery of claim 1, wherein said first electrical contact is a conductor or an electronically insulating layer with a conducting insert.
 11. The battery of claim 10, wherein said electronically insulating layer comprises at least a ceramic selected from the group of BeO, B₂O₃, BN, borate glass, Al₂O₃, AlN, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, silicate glass, ScO_(x), TiO_(x), VO_(x), CrO_(x), FeO_(x), YO_(x), ZrO_(x), NbO_(x), MoO_(x), HfO_(x), TaO_(x), WO_(x), and any combination thereof.
 12. The battery of claim 10, wherein said electronically insulating layer comprises at least a polymer material selected from the group of polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, and Tenite resins.
 13. The battery of claim 10, wherein said electronically insulating layer comprises a composite material whose components are selected from the group of BeO, B203, BN, borate glass, Al₂O₃, AlN, Si O₂, Si3N4, silicate glass, ScO_(x), TiO_(x), VO_(x), CrO_(x), FeO_(x), YO_(x), ZrO_(x), NbO_(x), MoO_(x), HfO_(x), TaO_(x), WO_(x), polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, and any combination thereof.
 14. A battery comprising: a first electrical contact wherein said first electrical contact is a conductor covered at least in part with an electrically insulating film or wherein said first electrical contact is an electronically insulating layer with a conducting insert; a cell structure comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte; a bonding layer coupled with said first electrical contact and said bonding layer comprising an embedded conductor; and a second electrical contact; wherein said bonding layer and said at least one cell structure are sandwiched between said first electrical contact and said second electrical contact; wherein said bonding layer comprises a plurality of layers; and wherein said electrically insulating film comprises materials selected from the group selected from the group of Lipon, BeO, B₂O₃, BN, borate glass, Al₂O₃, MN, SiO₂, Si₃N₄, silicate glass, ScOx, TiO_(x), VO_(x), CrO_(x), FeO_(x), YO_(x), ZrO_(x), NbO_(x), MoO_(x), HfO_(x), TaO_(x), WO_(x), olyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, and any combination thereof.
 15. The battery of claim 10, wherein said conductor is covered with a mechanically robust film.
 16. The battery of claim 15, wherein said mechanically robust film comprises materials selected from the group of Lipon, borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, and any combination thereof.
 17. A battery comprising: at least one cell structure comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte; an insulating layer comprising a plurality of layers in which the cell structure is at least in part within one of the plurality of layers; at least one embedded conductor positioned inside each of said plurality of layers of said insulating layer wherein said embedded conductor is adapted to act as a first electrical contact and wherein said embedded conductor contacts said cell structure; and a second electrical contact; wherein said at least one cell structure is sandwiched between said insulating layer and said second electrical contact.
 18. A battery comprising: a first cell structure and a neighboring cell structure stacked on top of each other; wherein each said cell structure comprises, a cathode, an anode, an electrolyte, a first electrical contact and a second electrical contact; a bonding layer; wherein said bonding layer is sandwiched between said first electrical contact of said first cell structure and said second electrical contact of said neighboring cell structure; wherein said boding layer comprises a plurality of layers in which the cell structure is at least in part within one of the plurality of layers; and wherein said bonding layer further comprises at least one embedded conductor and wherein said embedded conductor contacts said cell structure and wherein said embedded conductor physically contacts said first electrical contact.
 19. The battery of claim 18, wherein said bonding layer comprises at least one material selected from the group of thermoplastic, thermally set, ethylene ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic acid metallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, and low-density polyethylene (LDPE).
 20. The battery of claim 18, wherein said bonding layer comprises at least one material selected from the group of polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, oxide ceramic, nitride ceramic, carbide ceramic, silicate glass, non-silicate based glass, fiberglass, and any combination thereof.
 21. The battery of claim 18, wherein said bonding layer comprises at least one material selected from the group of thermoplastic, thermally set, ethylene ethylene methacrylic acid (E/MAA) copolymer, ethylene methacrylic, acid Metallate (E/MAA) copolymer, cyano-acrylates, epoxies, fluoro-acrylates, polyimides containing ether linkages, urea-formaldehyde resins, vinyl chlorides, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene terephthalates, para-aramids, polyethylenes, high-density polytheylenes, Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylenes, polypropylenes, acrylics, polycarbonates, polyvinyl chlorides, acetal delrin, phenolics, fluoroplastics, polyurethanes, polystyrenes, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes (ABS), Keton PEEK, Tenite resins, oxide ceramic, nitride ceramic, carbide ceramic, silicate glass, non-silicate based glass, fiberglass, and any combination thereof.
 22. The battery of claim 1, wherein said bonding layer further comprises printed circuitry.
 23. The battery of claim 22, wherein said bonding layer further comprises an edge wherein a portion of said edge contacts said first contact and a portion of said edge does not contact said first contact.
 24. A battery comprising: a first electrical contact; a cell structure comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte; a bonding layer coupled with said first electrical contact and said bonding layer comprising an embedded conductor, wherein said embedded conductor contacts said cell structure; and a second electrical contact; wherein said bonding layer and said at least one cell structure are sandwiched between said first electrical contact and said second electrical contact; and wherein said bonding layer comprises a plurality of layers and wherein said bonding layer comprises printed circuitry embedded within said bonding layer. 